Women gained more economic, political, social and sexual rights in highly industrialized states rather than developing nations because gender equality is often linked to to women’s access to employment. (40-50%)
Feminism and Equal Rights
After the great war women were given the right to vote but no economic or sexual equality. This led to women protesting for equal pay and against job discrimination
1960 first feminism movement protested gender equality. Women demanded full control over their bodies (birth control in 60s, abortion in 70s)
U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevented race and sex discrimination
There was a Equal Rights Amendment for gender equality but it failed to receive ratification before 1982
Gender Equality in China
Communist countries like the Soviet Union, Cuba, and China transformed their legal systems around equality
In China, 1950 leaders passed marriage law: free choice of partner, protection of lawful interest of women and children, equal rights for women and men in work, property ownership, and inheritance. It abolished patriarchal practices
Though all this equality tensions still exist in China (don’t receive equal wages)
Parents prefer boys over girls in confucian societies (1 child)
Domesticity and Abuse
In Arab and Muslim societies: women twice as likely to be illiterate (past 25 years women are beginning to catch up in education)
In India women have a life of domesticity (they are taught to be a servant to their husbands and there are severe consequences)
Dowry Deaths: when wife’s family has to pay dowry to the husbands family. If the husband finds it to be inadequate he is allowed to dowse the wife in kerosene and set her on fire. Indian families much prefer sons over daughter so this doesn’t happen.
South Asia: 1995 there was officialy 6,000 deaths. (unofficially 25,000)
Women Leaders
Idira Ghandi (1917-1984) and Benazir Bhuto (1953-) led India and Pakistan as women politicians
1994 Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga (1945-) first women president of Sri Lanka. Elected her mother for third term as prime minister
Myanmur, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (1945-) was exiled because she called for a nonviolent revolution against Myanmur’s “fascist government”
While exiled made “gateside meeting” which called for support for women and Suu Kyi won yet another election but was not allowed to come into power
Women demonstrated leadership by: joining organizations, participating in pro women’s rights activities
1975, United Nation launched “Decade for Women” program which are global conferences that attract large crowds and inspire south asian countries to fight for women’s rights
Migration
two types: internal and external
internal migration- move from rural to urban areas
external migration- movement across long distances and interantional borders
push-pull factors
push-lack of resources, population pressure, religious/political persecution, or discriminatory practices
pull-employment, available arable land, better services
internal migrations is the largest form of migrations
the urbanization aspect has been difficult and challenging for people from rural areas
combination of voluntary and forced external migrations
forced: slave trade, deportation of Jews to labor force and concentration camps during the Holocaust
voluntary: war refugees and persons looking for work
130 million people live outside of their country of citizenship
migrants their own small communities in various cities to keep their cultures and customs
Cross-Cultural Travelers
more recent form of migration is tourism
came about because of safer and more efficient transportation systems
mid-19th century-tourism started coming about with establishment of travel agencies
it was accustomed that the wealthy would take extended vacations
took to the working class, would take vacations over holidays
travel and tourism have both become the largest industry on the planet
provides jobs for millions of people
tourism also creates low-paying jobs
profits flow to the developed world, where most tourism businesses are located
Timeline
1947 Establishment of GATT
1848 UN adopts Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1950 World pop. at 2.5 billion
1960 Introduction of birth control
1960 creation of OPEC
1967 Establishment of ASEAN
1967 Birth of European Community
1970 Founding of Greenpeace
1981 Identification of AIDS
1982 Defeat of Equal Rights amendment in U.S.
1992 Beginning of socialist market of economy in China
Crossing Boundaries, Chapter 40 Pg 1131-1165
Women’s Traditions and Feminist Challenges
Women gained more economic, political, social and sexual rights in highly industrialized states rather than developing nations because gender equality is often linked to to women’s access to employment. (40-50%)
Feminism and Equal Rights
After the great war women were given the right to vote but no economic or sexual equality. This led to women protesting for equal pay and against job discrimination
1960 first feminism movement protested gender equality. Women demanded full control over their bodies (birth control in 60s, abortion in 70s)
U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevented race and sex discrimination
There was a Equal Rights Amendment for gender equality but it failed to receive ratification before 1982
Gender Equality in China
Communist countries like the Soviet Union, Cuba, and China transformed their legal systems around equality
In China, 1950 leaders passed marriage law: free choice of partner, protection of lawful interest of women and children, equal rights for women and men in work, property ownership, and inheritance. It abolished patriarchal practices
Though all this equality tensions still exist in China (don’t receive equal wages)
Parents prefer boys over girls in confucian societies (1 child)
Domesticity and Abuse
In Arab and Muslim societies: women twice as likely to be illiterate (past 25 years women are beginning to catch up in education)
In India women have a life of domesticity (they are taught to be a servant to their husbands and there are severe consequences)
Dowry Deaths: when wife’s family has to pay dowry to the husbands family. If the husband finds it to be inadequate he is allowed to dowse the wife in kerosene and set her on fire. Indian families much prefer sons over daughter so this doesn’t happen.
South Asia: 1995 there was officialy 6,000 deaths. (unofficially 25,000)
Women Leaders
Idira Ghandi (1917-1984) and Benazir Bhuto (1953-) led India and Pakistan as women politicians
1994 Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga (1945-) first women president of Sri Lanka. Elected her mother for third term as prime minister
Myanmur, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (1945-) was exiled because she called for a nonviolent revolution against Myanmur’s “fascist government”
While exiled made “gateside meeting” which called for support for women and Suu Kyi won yet another election but was not allowed to come into power
Women demonstrated leadership by: joining organizations, participating in pro women’s rights activities
1975, United Nation launched “Decade for Women” program which are global conferences that attract large crowds and inspire south asian countries to fight for women’s rights
Migration
two types: internal and external
internal migration- move from rural to urban areas
external migration- movement across long distances and interantional borders
push-pull factors
push-lack of resources, population pressure, religious/political persecution, or discriminatory practices
pull-employment, available arable land, better services
internal migrations is the largest form of migrations
the urbanization aspect has been difficult and challenging for people from rural areas
combination of voluntary and forced external migrations
forced: slave trade, deportation of Jews to labor force and concentration camps during the Holocaust
voluntary: war refugees and persons looking for work
130 million people live outside of their country of citizenship
migrants their own small communities in various cities to keep their cultures and customs
Cross-Cultural Travelers
more recent form of migration is tourism
came about because of safer and more efficient transportation systems
mid-19th century-tourism started coming about with establishment of travel agencies
it was accustomed that the wealthy would take extended vacations
took to the working class, would take vacations over holidays
travel and tourism have both become the largest industry on the planet
provides jobs for millions of people
tourism also creates low-paying jobs
profits flow to the developed world, where most tourism businesses are located
Timeline
1947 Establishment of GATT
1848 UN adopts Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1950 World pop. at 2.5 billion
1960 Introduction of birth control
1960 creation of OPEC
1967 Establishment of ASEAN
1967 Birth of European Community
1970 Founding of Greenpeace
1981 Identification of AIDS
1982 Defeat of Equal Rights amendment in U.S.
1992 Beginning of socialist market of economy in China
1993 Establishment of NAFTA
1995 WTO supersedes GATT
2000 World pop. at 6 billion
2001 China joins WTO
2001 Terrorist attacks against the United States
2003 Operation Iraqi Freedom